can rapidly achieve the record level of 6 million barrels 
a day.

will certainly reach higher levels than those announced 
in 2017.

will make output from America’s producing areas 
commercially viable in 2018.

might compensate for present OPEC production cuts 
and cause a decrease in oil prices.

is going to have devastating effects on the drilling 
activity in the country in the near future.

Ao tratar da velocidade de produção de petróleo pela shale rock nos Estados Unidos, o texto aponta que "A comparable increase in 2018 would offset most of the current OPEC production cuts and either force another quota reduction or push prices down".Tendo isso em vista, podemos notar que o texto menciona a produção de óleo pela shale rock para mostrar que um aumento dessa produção em 2018 poderia compensar (offset / compensate) cortes de produção da OPEC, causar a redução de cotas e do preço do petróleo.Desse modo, a alternativa correta é a letra (D), a qual afirma a mesma questão utilizando palavras sinônimas às usadas no texto (compensate = offset; present = current; decrease = reduction). Alternativa correta: Letra (D)

<center>The renewables industry has had a great year.
How fast can it grow now?</center>

 What are the issues that will shape the global
 energy market in 2018? What will be the energy
 mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country
 is different and local factors, including politics, are
5 important. But at the global level there are four key
 questions, and each of which answers is highly
 uncertain.
 The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is
 stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to
10 Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility
 will destabilise a market where speculation is rife.
 The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and
 Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their
 differences, would spread and hit oil production and
15 trade. It is worth remembering that the Gulf states
 account for a quarter of global production and over
 40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to
 stability is all the greater given that Iran is likely to win
 any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to
20 reassert its influence in the region.
 The second question is how rapidly production
 of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has
 seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m.
 The increase in global prices over the past six months
25 has made output from almost all America’s producing
 areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising.
 A comparable increase in 2018 would offset most of
 the current OPEC production cuts and either force
 another quota reduction or push prices down.
30 The third question concerns China. For the
 last three years the country has managed to deliver
 economic growth with only minimal increases in
 energy consumption. Growth was probably lower than
 the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to
35 admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles
 and recessions — but even so the achievement
 is considerable. The question is whether the trend
 can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global
 demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
40 China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s
 daily energy use, is the swing consumer. If energy
 efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain
 flat or even fall. The country’s economy is changing
 and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely
45 by coal to a more service-based one, with a more
 varied fuel mix. But the pace of that shift is uncertain
 and some recent data suggests that as economic
 growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and
 coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner
50 energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air 
 pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show
 how much progress they are making.
 The fourth question is, if anything, the most
 important. How fast can renewables grow? The last
55 few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs
 and strong increase in supply. The industry has had
 a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity
 auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels.
 Wind is approaching grid parity — the moment
60 when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also
 thriving: according to the International Energy Agency,
 costs have fallen by 70 per cent since 2010 not least
 because of advances in China, which now accounts
 for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing
65 capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
 can be translated into electric supply.
 Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just
 5 per cent of global daily energy supply according
 to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar
70 photovoltaic capacity grew by 50 per cent in 2016
 — but to make a real difference the industry needs
 a period of expansion comparable in scale to the
 growth of personal computing and mobile phones in
 the 1990s and 2000s.
75 The problem is that the industry remains
 fragmented. Most renewable companies are small
 and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some
 are built to collect subsidies. A radical change will be
 necessary to make the industry global and capable
80 of competing on the scale necessary to displace
 coal and natural gas. The coming year will show us
 whether it is ready for that challenge.
 In many ways, the energy business is at a
 moment of change and transition. Every reader will
85 have their own view on each of the four questions. To
 me, the prospect is of supply continuing to outpace
 demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over
 the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable
 phenomenon. It would take another Middle East war
90 to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too
 possible.

are latent enemies about to engage in violent strife.

produce more than 40 per cent of the world’s crude oil.

should spread their influence over the other Gulf 
States.

can be considered the most stable countries in the 
Middle East.

might affect oil production and trade if they engage in 
an open conflict.

De acordo com o texto, "The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their differences, would spread and hit oil production and trade". Ou seja, um conflito aberto entre Irã e Arábia Saudita poderia espalhar e atingir a produção e o comércio de petróleo. Desse modo, a Arábia Saudita e o Irã são mencionados justamente devido à possibilidade de esses países afetarem a produção e o comércio de óleo, caso estabeleçam um conflito aberto - como aponta a alternativa (E). Alternativa correta: Letra (E)

A expressão "given that", presente na frase, significa "dado que", "considerando que". Tendo isso em vista, devemos identificar qual expressão elencada pode substituir "given that": a) even so - mesmo assimb) even though - apesar dec) despite the fact that - apesar do fato qued) because of the fact that - devido ao fato dee) taking into account that&nbsp;- tendo em conta que Considerando os sentidos apontados acima, é possível notarmos que "taking into account that" pode substituir "given that" sem que o sentido da frase seja modificado. Alternativa correta: Letra (E)

heavy industry fuelled by coal to a service-based 
industry using a more varied mix.

large consumption of the world’s fossil fuels to lower 
consumption levels.

limited demand for oil, gas and coal to an increasing 
demand.

low-fossil-fuel economy to a pollution-based economy.

Ao tratar da China, o texto afirma que "The country's economy is changing and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely by coal to a more service-based one, with a more varied fuel mix". Em outras palavras, a economia do país está mudando (changing), deixando a indústria pesada para trás ao usar novas misturas de combustíveis ao invés do carvão. Após este trecho, o texto inicia outra frase com "But the pace of that shift", em que "that shift" (dessa mudança) se refere à mudança mencionada anteriormente. Desse modo, "that shift" se refere à mudança da China para um serviço de indústria baseado em misturas mais variadas de combustíveis (heavy industry fuelled by coal to a service-based industry using a more varied mix). Alternativa correta: Letra (A)

No trecho "some recent data suggests that as economic growth has picked up", o phrasal verb "picked up" possui o sentido de "aumentado", "acelerado". Já no outro trecho, o phrasal verb "driven by" possui o sentido de "direcionado para", "impulsionado por".Tendo isso em vista, observamos que "picked up" e "driven by" significam, respectivamente, "improved" (melhorado, aperfeiçoado) e "motivated by" (motivado por). Alternativa correta: Letra (D)

Questões de CESGRANRIO - Inglês - Compreensão de textos - Múltipla escolha